First Signs of HIV – Early Infection Symptoms, Risks, Other Cause

First Signs of HIV – Early Infection Symptoms, Risks, Other Cause
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may not always produce symptoms immediately after exposure. In some cases there is no obvious signs or symptoms (asymptomatic) and a person will only discover their HIV status after having a test or as the disease progresses.
However, in most cases of acute HIV infection , there are vague symptoms within the first 1 to 6 weeks after exposure. These signs and symptoms may be considered vague or non-specific because it resembles the presentation of many other common diseases, particularly viral infections like the flu (seasonal influenza). An HIV test is the only way to conclusively diagnose HIV infection.
Early HIV Infection Signs and Symptoms
• Fever
• Rash
• Sore throat
• Swollen neck lymph nodes (cervical lymphadenopathy). Swelling of the groin and/or armpit lymph nodes may also be an early sign.
• Muscle pain
• Joint pain
• Headache
• Mouth sores
These signs and symptoms may be so mild that a person may ignore the symptoms altogether or attribute it to the common cold or a bout of the flu. It can last for a few days or persist for weeks and may be accompanied by fatigue, a general feeling of being ‘unwell’ and a lack of appetite.

HIV Infection – Risk of Transmission

The presence of any of these signs and symptoms in the event of known risk factors should always alert a person to the possibility of HIV infection. The risk factors include :

• Sexual contact, irrespective of whether a condom was used or not, burst or remained intact or whether you are in a committed relationship. Having multiple partners or sexual contact with an HIV-positive person increases the risk.

• Intravenous drug use (narcotics like heroin) where needles are shared. IV drug users may sometimes not be aware of shared needle use during the drug ‘high’.

• Blood transfusion. While most countries have instituted strict regulations and testing methods with regards to blood products, the risk is still fairly significant in developing nations. Travelers abroad who had a blood transfusion in a developing country need to be cautious.

• Breastfeeding infants or consumption of breast milk from an HIV positive woman.

• Pregnancy where a pregnant woman is HIV positive. The use of antiretrovirals may reduce the risk of transmitting the virus to the unborn baby (mother-child transmission). However breastfeeding should not be considered.

Other Diseases That May Cause Early HIV Symptoms

The presence of the first signs and symptoms of HIV may not always be due to HIV infection. These signs and symptoms are non-specific and your doctor may consider HIV infection as a differential diagnosis. This means that while HIV is suspected, it cannot be confirmed until further testing is done. There are other conditions which may also be considered as a differential diagnosis :
• Influenza
• H1N1 Swine Flu
• Infectious mononucleosis
• Rheumatic fever
• Other illnesses, particularly viral infections.

Skin Diseases/Conditions Similar To HIV Rash
• Acne
• Adverse drug reaction
• Chickenpox
• Herpes simplex
• Herpes zoster (shingles)
• FolliculitisImpetigo
• Pruritis ( Itchy skin)
• Psoriasis
• Scabies
• Syphilis

There may be other skin conditions that will also resemble this rash.

Mouth Diseases/Conditions Similar to HIV Mouth Sores
• Aphthous ulcers
• Gingivitis
• Herpes simplex
• Herpes zoster
• Leukoplakia
• Oral thrush
• Syphilis
There are other orodental conditions that may cause similar mouth sores.

ELISA HIV Test

What is an ELISA HIV Test

ELISA stands for Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. It is the most common HIV test and is used up till this day to detect HIV infection. This test detects the presence of HIV antibodies in the bloodstream. The immune system forms these proteins known as antibodies so that immune cells can target and destroy the invading pathogen – in this case, HIV.

A positive result should warrant another ELISA test to ensure that sample was not tainted or mixed up. Two positive ELISA tests means that a confirmatory test known as the Western Blot should be done. In many countries, the presence of one positive ELISA test will lead to a confirmatory Western Lot test.

HIV Window Period and Seroconversion

The process of developing antibodies against the virus may take 3 to 12 weeks to occur and is known as seroconversion. The period before seroconversion is referred to as the “window period”.

While the average time for seroconversion to occur is 8 weeks, most people will have antibodies present within 5 to 6 weeks after exposure. Rarely, seroconversion may take up to 6 months. There are a few cases globally where this had occurred but other factors may have been partly responsible for these accounts.

Ideally a sexually active adult should have an HIV test every 6 months even if HIV infection is not suspected or the first signs of HIV are not present.

Does a Positive ELISA Test Mean That You Are HIV-Positive?

No. There are other diseases that produce antibodies which may register a positive ELISA result. This is called a false-positive result.

These other diseases may include :

• Lyme disease
• Syphilis
• Lupus and possibly other types of autoimmune diseases
• Certain blood and immune birth defects.

There are other possibilities (medical conditions and prophylactic therapies) that may give rise to non-HIV antibodies which could contribute to a false-positive result. This is rare these days with modern testing methods. However, a Western blot test should ALWAYS be done to confirm HIV infection.

Does a Negative ELISA Test Mean That You Are HIV-Negative?

No. You may be in the “window period” where seroconversion has not as yet occurred. Further testing should be considered in 3 to 6 weeks after a negative result.

With modern testing methods, a negative result by the 6th to 8th week after exposure is usually an indication of being HIV-negative. A negative result at 12 weeks after exposure is usually considered conclusive of being negative.

What is the Western Blot Test?

The Western blot tests for the presence of the certain proteins. It is conclusive for a diagnosis of HIV when combined with positive ELISA test results.

Western blot testing can be done for other infectious diseases and results may take up to 1 to 2 weeks depending on the availability of facilities. Private laboratories will have results available within 48 to 72 hours. The cost of the Western blot test is higher than an ELISA test so it is usually reserved only as a confirmatory test.

Does a Negative Western Blot Test Mean That You Are HIV-Negative?

No. During the “window period” (prior to seroconversion), the Western blot test may not register a positive result. The test should then be repeated in 3 to 6 weeks time.

In the event that an ELISA test is positive and the Western blot test is negative, your doctor will need to consider further testing to identify the cause of the false-positive ELISA result. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) testing may also be considered to confirm a diagnosis of HIV infection. This test detects the presence of nucleic acids (HIV RNA and DNA) to confirm HIV infection.